Arisaema

Arisaema
	Arisaema triphyllum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Monocots
Order:	Alismatales
Family:	Araceae
Subfamily:	Aroideae
Tribe:	Arisaemateae
Genus:	Arisaema; Mart.
Diversity
	About 212 species
	Range of the genus Arisaema.
Synonyms
	Alocasia Neck. ex Raf.; Dochafa Schott; Muricauda Small; Flagellarisaema Nakai; Heteroarisaema Nakai; Pleuriarum Nakai; Ringentiarum Nakai;

Arisaema is a large and diverse genus of the flowering plant family Araceae. The largest concentration of species is in China and Japan, with other species native to other parts of southern Asia as well as eastern and central Africa, Mexico and eastern North America.^[1] Asiatic species are often called cobra lilies, while western species are often called jack-in-the-pulpit; both names refer to the distinctive appearance of the flower, which consists of an erect central spadix rising from a spathe.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Classification and relationships

The closest relatives of Arisaema appear to be Pinellia and Typhonium (although the latter as defined in 2004 seems to be paraphyletic, having given rise to Arisaema and other genera).^[5] One unusual trait shared by all Arisaema species, and not those of other genera, is the sex change or act of Sequential hermaphroditism. Arisaema plants are typically male when small, and female or hermaphroditic when large, with a single plant capable of changing sex based on nutrition^[5] and genetics,^[6] and perhaps changing sex several times during its long life (20 years or more).^[5]

Sections

A phylogenetic study in 2016 by Ohi-toma et. al recognized 15 sections in the genus.^[7]

Image	Section	Type species
	A. sect. Anomala Gusman & L. Gusman 2003	Arisaema anomalum
	A. sect. Arisaema Li et al. 2010	Arisaema speciosum
	A. sect. Attenuata (Engler) H. Li 2017	Arisaema laminatum
	A. sect. Clavata (Engler) H. Hara 1971	Arisaema clavatum
	A. sect. Decipienta (Engler) H. Li in C. Y. Wu & H. Li 1979	Arisaema decipiens
	A. sect. Dochafa (Schott) H. Hara 1971	Arisaema flavum
	A. sect. Fimbriata (Engl.) H.Li 1979	Arisaema fimbriatum
	A. sect. Flagellarisaema (Nakai) H.Hara 1971	Arisaema thunbergii
	A. sect. Franchetiana (Engl.) H. Hara 1971	Arisaema franchetianum
	A. sect. Nepenthoidea (Engl.) H. Hara 1971	Arisaema nepenthoides
	A. sect. Odorata Murata et al. 2013	Arisaema odoratum
	A. sect. Pistillata (Engler) Nakai 1929	Arisaema serratum
	A. sect. Sinarisaema Nakai 1950	Arisaema formosanum
	A. sect. Tenuipistillata Engl. 1920	Arisaema jacquemontii
	A. sect. Tortuosa (Engler) H. Hara 1971	Arisaema tortuosum

Species

See: List of Arisaema species

Plants of the World Online accepts around 212 accepted species As of February 2025^[update].^[8]

References

^ ^a ^b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^ Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
^ Flora China Vol. 23 Page 43, 天南星属 tian nan xing shu, Arisaema Martius, Flora. 14: 459. 1831.
^ Flora of North America, Vol. 22, Arisaema Martius, Flora. 14: 459. 1831.
^ ^a ^b ^c Renner, S. S.; Zhang, L.-B.; Murata, J. (2004), "A chloroplast phylogeny of Arisaema (Araceae) illustrates Tertiary floristic links between Asia, North America, and East Africa", American Journal of Botany, 91 (6): 881–8, doi:10.3732/ajb.91.6.881, PMID 21653444
^ Vitt, P.; Holsinger, K. E.; Jones, C. S. (2003), "Local differentiation and plasticity in size and sex expression in jack-in-the-pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum (Araceae)", American Journal of Botany, 90 (12): 1729–35, doi:10.3732/ajb.90.12.1729, PMID 21653349
^ Ohi-Toma, Tetsuo; Wu, Sugong; Murata, Hiroko; Murata, Jin (2016-06-30). "An updated genus-wide phylogenetic analysis of Arisaema (Araceae) with reference to sections". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 182 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 100–114. doi:10.1111/boj.12459. ISSN 0024-4074.
^ "Plants of the World Online". Plants of the World Online. 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2025-02-02.

Bibliography

Gusman, Guy; Gusman, Liliane (2006). The genus Arisaema: A monograph for botanists and nature lovers (2nd ed.). Ruggell: A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. pp. 1–474. ISBN 0881928399.

External links

Arisaema information and links
Arisaema links and information
Arisaema pictures
Jack in the Pulpit information
Arisaema Home Page - Japanese Arisaema pictures
Spaulding, Daniel D.; Barger, T. Wayne; Horne, Howard E.; Finzel, Brian J. (29 October 2019). "Flora of Northern Alabama, part 4: Basal Monocots" (PDF). Phytoneuron. 2019–47: 39–49. ISSN 2153-733X. Retrieved 7 February 2023.

[9i9i9i9i9i99i9i-1] Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

[2] Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

[3] Flora China Vol. 23 Page 43, 天南星属 tian nan xing shu, Arisaema Martius, Flora. 14: 459. 1831.

[4] Flora of North America, Vol. 22, Arisaema Martius, Flora. 14: 459. 1831.

[renner-5] Renner, S. S.; Zhang, L.-B.; Murata, J. (2004), "A chloroplast phylogeny of Arisaema (Araceae) illustrates Tertiary floristic links between Asia, North America, and East Africa", American Journal of Botany, 91 (6): 881–8, doi:10.3732/ajb.91.6.881, PMID 21653444

[6] Vitt, P.; Holsinger, K. E.; Jones, C. S. (2003), "Local differentiation and plasticity in size and sex expression in jack-in-the-pulpit, Arisaema triphyllum (Araceae)", American Journal of Botany, 90 (12): 1729–35, doi:10.3732/ajb.90.12.1729, PMID 21653349

[Ohi-Toma_Wu_Murata_Murata_pp._100–114-7] Ohi-Toma, Tetsuo; Wu, Sugong; Murata, Hiroko; Murata, Jin (2016-06-30). "An updated genus-wide phylogenetic analysis of Arisaema (Araceae) with reference to sections". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 182 (1). Oxford University Press (OUP): 100–114. doi:10.1111/boj.12459. ISSN 0024-4074.

[s116-8] "Plants of the World Online". Plants of the World Online. 2020-07-28. Retrieved 2025-02-02.

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